1．固溶強(qiáng)化
1. solid solution strengthening
合金元素加入純鋁中形成無(wú)限固溶體或有限固溶體，不僅能獲得高的強(qiáng)度，而且還能獲得的塑性與良好的壓力加工性能。在一般鋁合金中固溶強(qiáng)化較常用的合金元素是銅、鎂、錳、鋅、硅、鎳等元素。一般鋁的合金化都形成有限的固溶體，如Al-Cu，Al-Mg，Al-Zn，Al-Si，Al-Mn等二元合金均形成有限固溶體，并且都有較大的極限溶解度能起較大的固溶強(qiáng)化效果。
Alloy elements are added into pure aluminum to form an infinite solid solution or a finite solid solution, which not only achieves high strength, but also obtains excellent plasticity and good pressure performance. The most commonly used alloy elements for solid solution strengthening in general aluminum alloys are copper, magnesium, manganese, zinc, silicon, nickel and other elements. In general, alloying of aluminum all forms limited solid solutions, such as Al-Cu, Al-Mg, Al-Zn, Al-Si, Al-Mn and other two alloy all form finite solid solution, and have greater limit solubility, which can play a larger role in solid solution strengthening.
2．時(shí)效強(qiáng)化
2. aging hardening
鋁合金熱處理后可以得到過(guò)飽和的鋁基固溶體。這種過(guò)飽和鋁基固溶體在室溫或加熱到某一溫度時(shí)，其強(qiáng)度和硬度隨時(shí)間和延長(zhǎng)而增高，但塑性降低。這個(gè)過(guò)程就稱時(shí)效。時(shí)效過(guò)程中使合金的強(qiáng)度、硬度增高的現(xiàn)象稱為時(shí)效強(qiáng)化或時(shí)效硬化。
The supersaturated aluminum based solid solution can be obtained after heat treatment of aluminum alloy. The strength and hardness of this supersaturated aluminum solid solution increase with time and extension at room temperature or heating to a certain temperature, but the plasticity decreases. This process is called the timeliness. The phenomenon of increasing the strength and hardness of the alloy during the aging process is called aging hardening or aging hardening.

3．過(guò)剩相強(qiáng)化
3. superfluous phase enhancement
當(dāng)鋁中加入的合金元素含水量超過(guò)其極限溶解度時(shí)，淬火加熱時(shí)便有一部分不能溶入固溶體的第二相出現(xiàn)稱之為過(guò)剩相。在鋁合金中過(guò)剩相多為硬而脆的金屬間化合物。它們?cè)诤辖鹬衅鹱璧K滑移和位錯(cuò)運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用，使強(qiáng)度、硬度提高，而塑性、韌性降低。合金中過(guò)剩相的數(shù)量愈多，其強(qiáng)化效果愈好，但過(guò)剩相多時(shí)，由于合金變脆而導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)度、塑性降低。
When the water content of the alloy added to aluminum exceeds its limit solubility, a second part of the alloy can not be dissolved into solid solution when it is quenched and heated, which is called an excess phase. In the aluminum alloy, the excess phase is mostly hard and brittle intermetallic compound. They impede the movement of slip and dislocation in the alloy, and increase the strength and hardness, while the plasticity and toughness decrease. The more the excess phase in the alloy is, the better the strengthening effect is, but the strength and plasticity of the alloy will be reduced due to the brittle alloy.
4.細(xì)化組織強(qiáng)化
4. refine tissue enhancement
在鋁合中添加微量元素細(xì)化組織是提高鋁合金力學(xué)性能的另一種重要手段。
It is another important means to improve the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy with the addition of micro elements in the aluminum alloy.
變形鋁合金中添加微量鈦、鋯、鈹、鍶以及稀土元素，它們能形成難熔化合物，在合金結(jié)晶時(shí)作為非自發(fā)晶核，起細(xì)化晶粒作用，提高合金的強(qiáng)度和塑性。
The addition of trace titanium, zirconium, beryllium, strontium and rare earth element deformation Aluminum Alloy, they can form refractory compounds, as non self crystal nucleus in alloy crystallization, grain refinement effect, improve the strength and ductility of the alloy.
鑄造鋁合金中常加入微量元素作變質(zhì)處理來(lái)細(xì)化合金組織，提高強(qiáng)度和塑性。變質(zhì)處理對(duì)不能熱處理強(qiáng)化或強(qiáng)化效果不大的鑄造鋁合金和變形鋁合金具有特別重要的意義。比如在鋁硅鑄造鋁合金中加入微量鈉或鈉鹽或銻作變質(zhì)劑進(jìn)行變質(zhì)處理，細(xì)化組織可以顯著提高塑性和強(qiáng)度。同樣在鑄造鋁合金中加入少量錳、鉻、鈷等元素能使雜質(zhì)鐵形成的板塊狀或針狀化合物AlFeSi細(xì)化，提高塑性，加入微量鍶可消除或減少初晶硅，并使共晶硅細(xì)化；粒子園整度提高。
A trace element is often added to the cast aluminum alloy to refine the alloy structure and improve the strength and plasticity. The modification is of special significance to the cast aluminum alloy and the deformed aluminum alloy which can not be enhanced by heat treatment. For example, the addition of sodium or sodium salt or antimony as a modifier in Al Si cast aluminum alloy can be modified to improve the plasticity and strength of the aluminum alloy. Similarly, adding a small amount of manganese, chromium, cobalt and other elements in the cast aluminum alloy can make the plate or needle like compounds AlFeSi refined and improve plasticity. The addition of Trace Strontium can eliminate or reduce the primary silicon and make the eutectic silicon refined.
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